Incoterms (International Commercial Terms) define where responsibility and risk transfer between buyer and seller. Choosing the wrong incoterm can add 8–15% to your effective procurement cost.
EXW (Ex Works)
The buyer assumes all risk and cost from the factory gate. Maximum control, maximum complexity. Suitable for buyers with established freight forwarders.
FOB (Free On Board)
The seller is responsible until goods are loaded on the vessel. The buyer handles ocean freight, insurance, and import. Common for experienced institutional buyers.
CIF (Cost, Insurance, Freight)
The seller arranges freight and insurance to the destination port. The buyer handles import duties and inland logistics. Good balance for mid-volume orders.
DDP (Delivered Duty Paid)
The seller handles everything including import duties. Highest cost, lowest complexity. Suitable for first-time or operationally urgent procurement.
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